会話の含意の棚上げと阻止現象 : if any, if anything, if ever, if not, not...until

This paper discusses mainly the lexical items which suspend conversational implicature, such as if any, if anything, if ever and if not, and secondarily the one which blocks the emergence of conversational implicature like not...until. If any, etc. are representative of suspension of conversational implicature in a general sense, but this is in fact not the case, as is illustrated by the doubt whether the suspended meaning is really conversational in the Gricean sense. According to Horn (1972) and many others, a lower item on a semantic and pragmatic scale allows for the possibility of something stronger holding. This possibility, however, is allowable only when the suspension words are added to the quantified predicates. It is not until if any, etc. are uttered that suspension is implicated, whether conversationally or not. Second and last, not...until sometimes allows and sometimes blocks the occurrence of conversational implicature, i. e., the sense of actualization (Declerck's terminology). The sense of actualization is implied strongly at some time and weakly at another time. The degree of the implied actualization is determined by the hearer's corollary, which is not explainable only by the Gricean and neo-Gricean Quanity Maxims.

公開日:2010年1月24日で登録したコンテンツは、国立情報学研究所において電子化したものです。