Isoproterenol loading transesophageal echocardiography in atrial fibrillation

Purpose: In patients with sludge or severe spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) in the left atrial appendage (LAA), cases with isoproterenol loading transesophageal echocardiography (ISP-TEE) have been reported to identify the presence of thrombus in the LAA. This study aimed to assess the validity and hemodynamic changes of ISP-TEE in the LAA.
Methods: We prospectively enrolled patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who underwent ISP-TEE. The degree of sludge/SEC was categorized as being either absent (grade 0), mild SEC (grade 1), moderate SEC (grade 2), severe SEC or sludge (grade 3). The hemodynamic evaluation was performed by measuring LAA flow velocity, LAA tissue Doppler imaging (LAA-TDI) velocity, and pulmonary vein systolic forward flow velocity (PVS).
Results: In total, 35 patients (mean age 71 ± 7 years; 71% male) underwent ISP-TEE. Among 35 patients, 30 patients had grade 3 or 2 SEC, 5 patients had grade 1 SEC. After ISP loading, 23 patients (66% of all patients) showed improved sludge/SEC and one patient was diagnosed with thrombus in the LAA. There were 25 patients with grade 1 SEC, or no SEC (classified as Group1), 10 patients had residual sludge or grade 2 to 3 SEC (classified as Group2) after ISP administration. LAA flow, LAA-TDI, and PVS velocities were significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 after ISP administration. There was no complication during the examination and after 24 hours and 3 months.
Conclusion: ISP infusion may be a potential tool to recognize LAA thrombus under the sludge/SEC during TEE in AF.

内容要旨・審査要旨・論文本文の公開
本論文は，著者Tomonori Takahashiの学位論文として提出され，学位審査・授与の対象となっている。
This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review (when applicable) and is subject to Springer Nature’s AM terms of use,( https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/policies/accepted-manuscript-terms ) but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10554-022-02749-y