Recent Perspectives for Clinical Problems of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction (LUTD) in Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) tend to show high prevalence of lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD), including diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD), diabetic cystopathy and overactive bladder (OAB). LUTD is observed in 43-87% of T1DM, and 25% of T2DM. Compared to non-DM, DM has 7.5 times more OAB. When OAB is found during urination and bladder contractility is found during urination, such complexed situation is called detrusor hyperactivity with impaired contractility (DHIC). Some treatments were observed such as pharmacotherapy and Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injection therapy. Recent research developments include low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy (Li-ESWT) and electroacupuncture (EA).

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